Right-Wing Populism and the Representation of Immigrants on Social Media. A Critical Multimodal Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13136/2281-4582/2020.i15.666Keywords:
racist discourse, immigration, right-wing populism, critical discourse studies, multimodal critical discourse analysis, social mediaAbstract
This paper presents a multimodal critical discourse analysis of a sample from a larger corpus of multimodal posts about immigration from the social media pages of right-wing populist leaders Donald Trump and Matteo Salvini. Drawing on Van Leeuwen’s framework for the representation of social actors, we investigate how multimodal resources contribute to shaping immigration discourse and to its bias, highlighting exclusionary ideologies through the recontextualisation of social practices. Our analysis reveals how the strategic synergy of images, videos, slogan-like language and the social affordances of Web 2.0 enables the two leaders to spread their nativist propaganda and emphasise the view of immigrants as a threat to security. The othering of immigrants as non-natives is enacted through biased representation based on covert racist stereotypes. At the same time, visual anti-immigration rhetoric allows the leaders to “build their people” and self-promote their role as gate-keepers of the nation-state.
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---. “Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy.” Political Studies XLVII (1999): 2-16.
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---. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
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---. “Social Media and Populism: An Elective Affinity?” Media, Culture & Society 40.5 (2018): 745-753.
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Heuman, Amy N., and Alberto González. “Trump’s Essentialist Rhetoric: Racial Identities and Dangerous Liminalities.” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 47.4 (2018): 326-342.
Hogan, Jackie, and Kristin Haltinner. “Floods, Invaders and Parasites: Immigration Threat Narratives and Right-Wing Populism in the USA, UK and Australia.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 36.5 (2015): 520-543.
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https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/donald-trump-hand-gestures-politics.
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Klinger, Ulrike and Jakob Svensson. “The Emergence of Network Media Logic in Political Communication: A Theoretical Approach.” New Media & Society 17.8 (2015): 1241-1257.
Kress, Gunther. “Multimodal Discourse Analysis.” The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Edited by James Paul Gee and Michael Handford. London: Routledge, 2011. 35-50.
Kress, Gunther and Theo Van Leeuwen. “Colour as a Semiotic Mode: Notes for a Grammar of Colour.” Visual Communication 1.3 (2002): 343-368.
---. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge, 2006.
Kruikemeier Sanne, et al. “Getting Closer: The Effects of Personalised and Interactive Online Political Communication.” European Journal of Communication 28.1 (2013): 53-66.
Laclau, Ernesto. On Populist Reason. London: Verso, 2005a.
---. “Populism: What’s in a Name?” Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. Edited by Francisco Panizza. London: Verso, 2005b. 32-49.
Lakoff, George. The All New Don’t Think of an Elephant. Know Your Values and Frame the Debate. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2014.
Ledin, Per and David Machin. Introduction to Multimodal Discourse Analysis. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.
Lee, Michael J. “The Populist Chameleon: The People’s Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 92.4 (2006): 355-378.
Levin, Beth. English Verb Classes and Alternation: A Preliminary Investigation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav. Argument Realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Tristes Tropiques. Paris: Librairie Plon, 1955.
Lilleker, Darren G., Anastasia Veneti and Daniel Jackson. “Introduction: Visual Political Communication.” Visual Political Communication. Edited by Anastasia Veneti, Daniel Jackson, and Darren G. Lilleker. London: Palgrave, 2020. 1-11.
Lorenzetti, Maria Ivana. “A Cross-Linguistic Study of New Populist Language.” Doing Politics. Discursivity, Performativity and Mediation in Political Discourse. Edited by Michael Kranert and Geraldine Horan. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2018. 153-177.
---. “Anti-Immigration Rhetoric in Italy and in the USA: A Comparative Perspective.” De Europa 3.1 (forthcoming).
---. “Crafting an Effective Message for the Masses, or the Art of Populism: An Analysis of New Populist Rhetoric from a Textual Perspective.” The Languages of Politics/La politique et ses langages vol.1. Edited by Marta Degani, Paolo Frassi and Maria Ivana Lorenzetti.
Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016. 125-157.
Machin, David. “What Is Multimodal Critical Discourse Studies?” Critical Discourse Studies 10.4 (2013): 347-355.
Machin, David and Andrea Mayr. How to Do Critical Discourse Analysis: A Multimodal Introduction. London: SAGE, 2012.
Mair, Peter. Ruling the Void. The Hollowing of Western Democracy. London: Verso, 2013.
Mazzoleni, Giampietro and Roberta Bracciale. La politica pop online. Il meme e le nuove sfide della comunicazione politica. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2019.
---. “Socially Mediated Populism: The Communicative Strategies of Political Leaders on Facebook.” Palgrave Communications 4.50 (2018): 1-10.
Moffitt, Benjamin. The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016.
Mudde, Cas. “Populism: An Ideational Approach.” The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, et al. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. 27-47.
---. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39.3 (2004): 541-563.
Mudde, Cas and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. Populism. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Musolff, Andreas. “Dehumanizing Metaphors in UK Immigrant Debates in Press and Online Media.” Journal of Aggression and Conflict 3.1 (2015): 41-56.
Ostiguy, Pierre and Kenneth M. Roberts. “Putting Trump in Comparative Perspective: Populism and the Politicization of the Sociocultural Low.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs XXIII.1 (2016): 25-50.
Owen, Diana. “New Media and Political Campaigns.” The Handbook of Political Communication. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. 823-836.
Panizza, Francisco. “Introduction: Populism and the Mirror of Democracy.” Populism and The Mirror of Democracy. London, Verso: 2005. 1-31.
Pelinka, Anton. “Right-Wing Populism: Concept and Typology.” Right-Wing Populism in Europe. Politics and Discourse. Edited by Ruth Wodak, Majid KhosraviNik and Brigitte Mral. London: Bloomsbury, 2013. 3-21.
Perlmutter, David M. “Impersonal Passives and the Unaccusative Hypothesis.” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society, 1968. 157-189.
Pinero-Pinero, Gracia and John Moore. “Metaphorical Conceptualisation of Migration Control Laws: Narratives of Oppression.” Journal of Language and Politics 14.4 (2015): 577-598.
Ritzer, George and Paul Dean. Globalization. A Basic Text. Chichester: Blackwell, 2010.
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