Parental Androids
An Analysis of Non-normative Care Discourse in Contemporary Televised Science Fiction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13136/2281-4582/2023.i22.1351Keywords:
care theory, discourse-historical approach, science fiction, posthumanism, discourse analysisAbstract
About forty years ago, feminist scholars formulated several independent definitions of an ethics of care (Gilligan 1982; Ruddick 1989; Noddings 1984), suggesting the need to reframe human collective and personal interactions. However, care theory fails for the most part to consider the lived experiences and the needs of marginalized subjects (Gary 2022). This study observes care theory from a linguistic perspective in three audio-visual texts featuring examples of non-normative care. The sci-fi TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation, Battlestar Galactica, and Raised by Wolves will be considered, with a focus on androids acting as caregivers. The linguistic analysis, following a Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA), will focus on discursive strategies relating to the parties involved, their relational ties, care behaviors, and the androids’ adequacy as caretakers. The emerging perspectives may be mapped onto current discourse on minority groups’ access to fostering or adoption and their reproductive rights.
References
Aldiss, Brian and David Wingrove. Trillion Year Spree: A History of Science Fiction. 1986. London: Paladin Books, 2001.
Bérubé, Michael. “Disability and Narrative.” PMLA 120.2 (2005): 568-576.
Brown, DeNeen L. “‘Barbaric’: America’s Cruel History of Separating Children from their Parents.” The Washington Post 31 May 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/31/barbaric-americas-cruel-history-of-separating-children-from-their-parents. Last visited 24/08/2022).
Clarke, Victoria. “What About the Children? Arguments Against Lesbian and Gay Parenting.” Women’s Studies International Forum 24.5 (2001): 555-570.
Conradi, Elisabeth. “Theorising Care: Attentive Interaction or Distributive Justice?” International Journal of Care and Caring 4 (2020): 25-42.
Costa, Pedro Alexandre, Alessio Gubello and Fiona Tasker. “Intentional Kinship through Caring Relationships, Heritage, and Identity: Adoptive Parents’ Inclusion of Non-Biological and Non-Affinal Relationships on Family Maps.” Genealogy 5 (2021): 85.
Deis, Cristopher. “Erasing Difference: The Cylons as Racial Other.” Cylons in America: Critical Studies of Battlestar Galactica. Edited by Tiffany Potter and C.W. Marshall. New York: Continuum, 2008. 156-168.
Dennis, Goffrey W. “Golem.” The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism, Second Edition. Edited by Goffrey W. Dennis. Woodbury: Llewellyn Publications, 2016. ebook.
Di Battista, Silvia, Daniele Paolini and Monica Pivetti. “Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Parents: Examining the Antecedents of Parenting Ability Evaluation.” Journal of GLBT Family Studies 17.3 (2021): 273-291.
Dotti Sani, Giulia and Mario Quaranta. “Mapping Changes in Attitudes towards Gays and Lesbians in Europe: An Application of Diffusion Theory.” European Sociological Review 38.1 (2022.): 124-137.
Engel, Madeline H., Norma Kolko Phillips and Frances A. Della Cava. “Indigenous Children’s Rights: Sociological Perspective on Boarding Schools and Transracial Adoption.” International Journal of Children’s Rights 20.2 (2012): 279-299.
Fairclough, Norman. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Longman, 1995.
Gary, Mercer E. “From Care Ethics to Pluralist Care Theory: The State of the Field.” Philosophy Compass 17.4 (2022): 17:e12819.
Gibson, Rebecca. “More than Merely Human: How Science Fiction Pop-Culture Influences Our Desires for the Cybernetic.” Sexuality & Culture 21 (2017): 224-246.
Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Greenblatt, Jordana. “‘More Human than Human’: ‘Flattening of Affect,’ Synthetic Humans, and the Social Construction of Maleness.” ESC 42.1/2 (2016): 41-63.
Gumpert, Matthew. “Hybridity’s End.” Cylons in America: Critical Studies of Battlestar Galactica. Edited by Tiffany Potter and C.W. Marshall. New York: Continuum, 2008. 143-155.
Guzilowski, Aaron. Raised by Wolves. 2020-2022.
Halliday, M.A.K. Introduction to Functional Grammar. 1985. London: Edward Arnold, 1994.
Haraway, Donna. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham: Duke University Press, 2016.
Hunter, Tara W. “The Long History of Child-Snatching.” The New York Times 3 June 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/03/opinion/children-border.html. Last visited 24/08/2022.
Jacobs, Margaret D. “The Great White Mother: Maternalism and American Indian Child Removal in the American West, 1880–1940.” One Step Over the Line: Toward a History of Women in the North American Wests. Edited by Elizabeth Jameson and Sheila McManus. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press and Athabasca: AU Press, 2008. 191-213.
Jefferson, Ashley Nicole. In Defense of Love and Same-sex Parenting: Rhetorical Analysis of the Apologia from Children of Same-sex Couples. University of Dayton, Master’s Thesis, 2014.
Johnston Riley, Olivia. “Disability.” The Routledge Handbook of Star Trek. Edited by Leimar Garcia-Siino, Sabrina Mittermeier and Stefan Rabitsch. London: Routledge, 2022. 412-420.
Kemp, Charles and Terry Regier. “Kinship Categories across Languages Reflect General Communicative Principles.” Science 336.6084 (2012): 1049-1054.
Leaver, Tama. “'Humanity’s Children:’ Constructing and Confronting the Cylons.” Cylons in America: Critical Studies of Battlestar Galactica. Edited by Tiffany Potter and C.W. Marshall. New York: Continuum, 2008. 132-142.
Mackereth, Kerry. “Mechanical Maids and Family Androids: Racialised Post-care Imaginaries in Humans (2015–), Sleep Dealer (2008) and Her (2013).” Feminist Review 123 (2019): 24-39.
Mandala, Susan. The Language in Science Fiction and Fantasy: The Question of Style. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010.
Moore, Robert W. “‘To Be a Person:’ Sharon Agathon and the Social Expression of Individuality.” Cylons in America: Critical Studies of Battlestar Galactica. Edited by Tiffany Potter and C.W. Marshall. New York: Continuum, 2008. 105-117.
Moore, Ronald. Battlestar Galactica. 2004-2009.
Narayan, Uma. “Colonialism and Its Others: Considerations on Rights and Care Discourses.” Hypatia 10.2 (1995): 133-140.
Noddings, Nel. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
---. “The Language of Care Ethics.” Knowledge Quest 40.4 (2012): 52-56.
Pew Research Center. “The Decline of Marriage and Rise of New Families.” 2010. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2010/11/18/the-decline-of-marriage-and-rise-of-new-families/. Last visited 24/08/2022.
Prucher, Jeff, edited by. Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Reisigl, Martin and Ruth Wodak. Discourse and Discrimination. London: Routledge, 2001a.
---. “The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA).” Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Edited by Martin Reisigl and Ruth Wodak. London: SAGE, 2001b. 87-121.
Roddenberry, Gene. Star Trek: The Next Generation. 1987-1994.
Romanzi Valentina. American Nightmares: Dystopia in Twenty-First-Century US Fiction. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2022.
Rose, Margaret. “Cyborg Selves in Battlestar Galactica and StarTrek: The Next Generation: Genre, Hybridity, Identity.” The Journal of Popular Culture 48.6 (2015): 1193-1210.
Ruddick, Sara. Maternal Thinking. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
Rudolph, Dana. “A Very Brief History of LGBTQ Parenting.” Family Equality, 2017. https://www.familyequality.org/2017/10/20/a-very-brief-history-of-lgbtq-parenting/. Last visited 24/08/2022.
Short, Sue. “The Measure of a Man? Asimov’s Bicentennial Man, Star Trek’s Data, and Being Human.” Extrapolation 44.2 (2003): 209-223.
Slote, Michael. The Ethics of Care and Empathy. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Stockwell, Peter. The Poetics of Science Fiction. 2000. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Straetz, Juliane. “The Struggle of Being Alive: Laboring Bodies in Paolo Bacigalupi’s The Windup Girl.” Current Objectives of Postgraduate American Studies 18.1 (2017): 1-21.
Suvin, Darko. Metamorphoses of Science Fiction. 1979. Bern: Peter Lang, 2016.
Woolman, Joanna and Sarah Deer. “Protecting Native Mothers and Their Children: A Feminist Lawyering Approach.” William Mitchell Law Review 40.3 (2014): 944-989.
Wodak, Ruth. “Critical Discourse Analysis, Discourse-Historical Approach.” The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction. Edited by Karen Tracy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2015. 275-288.
Wodak, Ruth and Salomi Boukala. “European Identities and the Revival of Nationalism in the European Union: A Discourse-Historical Approach.” Journal of Language and Politics 14.1 (2015): 87-109.
Wodak, Ruth and Michael Meyer. “Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda, Theory and Methodology.” Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Edited by Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer. London: SAGE, 2001. 1-33.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Valeria Franceschi, Valentina Romanzi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Iperstoria is an Open Access journal.- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 BY-NC License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of their work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. We require authors to inform us of any instances of re-publication.