L'autonomia e il fattore del genere nel campo letterario statunitense dell'Ottocento
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13136/2281-4582/2013.i2.662Keywords:
genre, literary critique, nineteenth centuryAbstract
Le regole dell’arte di Pierre Bourdieu è una delle più potenti riflessioni sullo spazio estetico moderno prodotte negli ultimi vent’anni, tuttavia limitatamente recepita tanto in Italia quanto negli Stati Uniti. In quest’opera, il sociologo francese adatta la sua teoria del campo sociale all’ambito della letteratura, in particolare della letteratura francese nella seconda metà dell’Ottocento. La creazione di un campo artistico e letterario autonomo, esclusivamente rimesso a criteri di funzionamento interni e leggi proprie, avviene in questo periodo a causa dell’inedita pressione esercitata dal potere economico (ma anche politico) sulla sfera culturale. Per Bourdieu si tratta di una rottura estetica che ha una base etica: “Non c’è dubbio che l’indignazione morale contro ogni forma di sottomissione ai poteri o al mercato (…) abbia avuto un ruolo determinante, per quanto riguarda personaggi come Baudelaire o Flaubert, nella resistenza quotidiana che ha condotto all’affermazione progressiva dell’autonomia degli scrittori (…)” (118).References
Adkins, Lisa e Beverley Skeggs, a cura di. Feminism after Bourdieu. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
Badinter, Elizabeth. Xy. De l’identité masculine. Paris: Odile Jacob, 1992.
Baudelaire, Charles. Opere. Milano: Mondadori, 1996.
Baym, Nina. Woman’s Fiction: A Guide to Novels by and about Women in America, 1820-1870. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Il dominio maschile. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1998.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Le regole dell’arte. Genesi e struttura del campo letterario. A cura di Anna Boschetti. Milano: Il Saggiatore, 2005.
Brodhead, Richard H. Cultures of Letters: Scenes of Reading and Writing in Nineteenth-Century America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Brodhead, Richard H. “The American Literary Field, 1860-1890.” The Cambridge History of American Literature, Volume III: 1860-1920. A cura di Sacvan Bercovitch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Brown, Nicholas e Imre Szeman, a cura di. Pierre Bourdieu: Fieldwork in Culture. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
Charvat, William. The Profession of Authorship in America (1800-1870). 1968. A cura di Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968.
Clapp Henry, Jr. a Walt Whitman, 14 maggio 1860. The Walt Whitman Archive. A cura di Kenneth Price e Ed Folsom Price. Visitato il 15/7/2013.
Davidson, Cathy N. Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
De Biasio, Anna. “L’art du (dans le) roman comme coup d’État simbolique? Henry James croise Paul Bourget”. L’espace culturel transnational. A cura di Anna Boschetti. Paris: Nouveau Monde Éditions, 2010. 195-222.
Denning, Michael. Mechanic Accents: Dime Novels and Working-Class Culture in America. New York: Verso, 1987.
Elliott, Emory, Martha Banta e Houston A. Baker, a cura di. Columbia Literary History of the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
Ellis, Scott. “Reviewers Reviewed: John Davis and the Early American Literary Field.” Early American Literature 42.1 (2007): 157-88.
Howells, W. D. Literary Friends and Acquaintance: A Personal Retrospect of American Authorship. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1900.
Howells, W. D. “The Man of Letters as a Man of Business.” Scribner’s Magazine 14.4 (1893): 429-46.
Gilmore, Michael T. “The Literature of the Revolutionary and Early National Periods.” The Cambridge History of American Literature, Volume I: 1590-1820. A cura di Sacvan Bercovitch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 539-693.
Gross, Terry. “Novelist Jonathan Franzen.” National Public Radio 15 ottobre 2001. Visitato il 20/08/2013.
Guillory, John. Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995.
Guillory, John. “Bourdieu’s Refusal.” MLQ 58.4 (1997): 367-98.
Habegger, Alfred. Henry James and the ‘Woman Business’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Izzo, Donatella. “Tipi di capitale e modelli di maschilità: The Rise of Silas Lapham di William Dean Howells.” A cura di Marco Pustianaz e Luisa Villa. Maschilità decadenti. La lunga fin de siècle. Bergamo: Bergamo University Press-Edizioni Sestante, 2004. 255-80.
James, Henry. “George Sand: The New Life.” 1902. Literary Criticism: French Writers, Other European Writers, The Prefaces to the New York Edition. New York: The Library of America, 1984.755-75.
Kirkpatrick, David. “‘Oprah’ Gaffe by Franzen Draws Ire and Sales.” The New York Times 29 ottobre 2001. Visitato il 15/8/2013.
Kotynek, Roy e John Cohassey. American Cultural Rebels: Avant-garde and Bohemian Artists, Writers and Musicians from the 1850s to the 1860s. Jefferson: McFarland, 2008.
Leverenz, David. Manhood and the American Renaissance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
Levin, Joanna. Bohemia in America, 1858-1920. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.
Loving, Jerome. Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1999.
Martinez, Carlo. “E. A. Poe’s “Hans Pfaall,” the Penny Press, and the Autonomy of the Literary Field.” The Edgar Allan Poe Review 12.19 (2011): 6-31.
McGill, Meredith L. American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting 1834-1853. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
Melville, Herman. “Hawthorne and his Mosses.” 1850. Nathaniel Hawhtorne: The Contemporary Reviews. A cura di John L. Idol e Buford Jones. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Moi, Toril. What is a Woman? And Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Moon, Michael. “Solitude, Singularity, Seriality: Whitman vis-à-vis Fourier”. ELH 73 (2006): 303-23.
Newbury, Michael. Figuring Authorship in Antebellum America. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
Parry, Albert. Garretts and Pretenders: A History of Bohemianism in America. 1933. New York: Cosimo, 2005.
Person, Leland S. “Henry James, George Sand, and the Suspense of Masculinity.” PMLA106.3 (1991): 515-28.
Portelli, Alessandro, a cura di. La formazione di una cultura nazionale. La letteratura degli Stati Uniti dall’indipendenza all’età di Jackson (1776-1850). Roma: Carocci, 1999.
Reynolds, David. Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville. New York: Knopf, 1988.
Schor Naomi. George Sand and Idealism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Stansell, Christine. “Whitman at Pfaff’s: Commercial Culture, Literary Life and New York Bohemia at Mid-Century.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 10.3 (1993): 107-26.
Van Maanen, Hans. How to Study Art Worlds: On the Societal Functioning of Aesthetic Values. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009.
Warner, Michael. The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth Century America. Cambridge, MASS.: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Whitley, Edward, a cura di. “The Vault at Pfaff’s: An Archive of Art and Literature by New York City’s Nineteenth-Century Bohemians.” Digital Library, Lehigh University. Visitato il 2/7/2013.
Zavisca, Jane e Jeffrey J. Sallaz. “From the Margins to the Mainstream: The Curious Convergence of Pierre Bourdieu and US Sociology.” Sociologica 2 (2008): 1-21. Visitato il 10/8/2013 (pagina non più accessibile).
Zboray, Ronald J. A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Badinter, Elizabeth. Xy. De l’identité masculine. Paris: Odile Jacob, 1992.
Baudelaire, Charles. Opere. Milano: Mondadori, 1996.
Baym, Nina. Woman’s Fiction: A Guide to Novels by and about Women in America, 1820-1870. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Il dominio maschile. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1998.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Le regole dell’arte. Genesi e struttura del campo letterario. A cura di Anna Boschetti. Milano: Il Saggiatore, 2005.
Brodhead, Richard H. Cultures of Letters: Scenes of Reading and Writing in Nineteenth-Century America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Brodhead, Richard H. “The American Literary Field, 1860-1890.” The Cambridge History of American Literature, Volume III: 1860-1920. A cura di Sacvan Bercovitch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Brown, Nicholas e Imre Szeman, a cura di. Pierre Bourdieu: Fieldwork in Culture. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
Charvat, William. The Profession of Authorship in America (1800-1870). 1968. A cura di Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968.
Clapp Henry, Jr. a Walt Whitman, 14 maggio 1860. The Walt Whitman Archive. A cura di Kenneth Price e Ed Folsom Price. Visitato il 15/7/2013.
Davidson, Cathy N. Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
De Biasio, Anna. “L’art du (dans le) roman comme coup d’État simbolique? Henry James croise Paul Bourget”. L’espace culturel transnational. A cura di Anna Boschetti. Paris: Nouveau Monde Éditions, 2010. 195-222.
Denning, Michael. Mechanic Accents: Dime Novels and Working-Class Culture in America. New York: Verso, 1987.
Elliott, Emory, Martha Banta e Houston A. Baker, a cura di. Columbia Literary History of the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
Ellis, Scott. “Reviewers Reviewed: John Davis and the Early American Literary Field.” Early American Literature 42.1 (2007): 157-88.
Howells, W. D. Literary Friends and Acquaintance: A Personal Retrospect of American Authorship. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1900.
Howells, W. D. “The Man of Letters as a Man of Business.” Scribner’s Magazine 14.4 (1893): 429-46.
Gilmore, Michael T. “The Literature of the Revolutionary and Early National Periods.” The Cambridge History of American Literature, Volume I: 1590-1820. A cura di Sacvan Bercovitch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 539-693.
Gross, Terry. “Novelist Jonathan Franzen.” National Public Radio 15 ottobre 2001. Visitato il 20/08/2013.
Guillory, John. Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995.
Guillory, John. “Bourdieu’s Refusal.” MLQ 58.4 (1997): 367-98.
Habegger, Alfred. Henry James and the ‘Woman Business’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Izzo, Donatella. “Tipi di capitale e modelli di maschilità: The Rise of Silas Lapham di William Dean Howells.” A cura di Marco Pustianaz e Luisa Villa. Maschilità decadenti. La lunga fin de siècle. Bergamo: Bergamo University Press-Edizioni Sestante, 2004. 255-80.
James, Henry. “George Sand: The New Life.” 1902. Literary Criticism: French Writers, Other European Writers, The Prefaces to the New York Edition. New York: The Library of America, 1984.755-75.
Kirkpatrick, David. “‘Oprah’ Gaffe by Franzen Draws Ire and Sales.” The New York Times 29 ottobre 2001. Visitato il 15/8/2013.
Kotynek, Roy e John Cohassey. American Cultural Rebels: Avant-garde and Bohemian Artists, Writers and Musicians from the 1850s to the 1860s. Jefferson: McFarland, 2008.
Leverenz, David. Manhood and the American Renaissance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
Levin, Joanna. Bohemia in America, 1858-1920. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.
Loving, Jerome. Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1999.
Martinez, Carlo. “E. A. Poe’s “Hans Pfaall,” the Penny Press, and the Autonomy of the Literary Field.” The Edgar Allan Poe Review 12.19 (2011): 6-31.
McGill, Meredith L. American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting 1834-1853. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
Melville, Herman. “Hawthorne and his Mosses.” 1850. Nathaniel Hawhtorne: The Contemporary Reviews. A cura di John L. Idol e Buford Jones. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Moi, Toril. What is a Woman? And Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Moon, Michael. “Solitude, Singularity, Seriality: Whitman vis-à-vis Fourier”. ELH 73 (2006): 303-23.
Newbury, Michael. Figuring Authorship in Antebellum America. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
Parry, Albert. Garretts and Pretenders: A History of Bohemianism in America. 1933. New York: Cosimo, 2005.
Person, Leland S. “Henry James, George Sand, and the Suspense of Masculinity.” PMLA106.3 (1991): 515-28.
Portelli, Alessandro, a cura di. La formazione di una cultura nazionale. La letteratura degli Stati Uniti dall’indipendenza all’età di Jackson (1776-1850). Roma: Carocci, 1999.
Reynolds, David. Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville. New York: Knopf, 1988.
Schor Naomi. George Sand and Idealism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Stansell, Christine. “Whitman at Pfaff’s: Commercial Culture, Literary Life and New York Bohemia at Mid-Century.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 10.3 (1993): 107-26.
Van Maanen, Hans. How to Study Art Worlds: On the Societal Functioning of Aesthetic Values. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009.
Warner, Michael. The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth Century America. Cambridge, MASS.: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Whitley, Edward, a cura di. “The Vault at Pfaff’s: An Archive of Art and Literature by New York City’s Nineteenth-Century Bohemians.” Digital Library, Lehigh University. Visitato il 2/7/2013.
Zavisca, Jane e Jeffrey J. Sallaz. “From the Margins to the Mainstream: The Curious Convergence of Pierre Bourdieu and US Sociology.” Sociologica 2 (2008): 1-21. Visitato il 10/8/2013 (pagina non più accessibile).
Zboray, Ronald J. A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
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